jueves, 22 de mayo de 2014

Science by Email | Art and science, sweet bread

 
 
  CSIRO   Lloyd's Register
23 May 2014
 
  Science by Email  
  
News: Art and science    
   


The eyes have it. Bright, colourful butterflies and birds easily catch our attention. But to visualise bacteria, we need to get creative.
 

A picture tells a thousand words. But how many words go into a picture? For molecular biologist and artist David Goodsell, pages upon pages of research go into each artistic creation.
 
David makes watercolour paintings of bacteria, living things you can’t see without a microscope. He is a legend in the field. Mycoplasma mycoides, a bacterium that causes lung disease in cows, is painted with a brilliant green membrane that brings grass to mind. Inside, bright yellow DNA curls next to protein-builders in purple and blue.
 
It’s not just a pretty picture. The molecules are not only in the right place, but in the right amounts and with their actual shape based on research. A lot of work goes into each painting, giving us a new way to visualise bacteria. Chock-full of the molecules of life, the picture is as busy, detailed and connected as indeed a cell must be.
 
You could say that seeing bacteria is more important than watching birds or butterflies. After all, those microscopic bugs make us sick. But before you reach for the antibiotics, not all bacteria are bad news. Bacteria in our gut keep us healthy. In fact, they are more like invisible friends than foes.
 
Inspired by David’s paintings, CSIRO recently created The Hungry Microbiome, an animation that introduces us to the bacteria in our gut. These hungry fellows chow down on resistant starch and produce the chemical butyrate, the same short-chain fatty acid that gives parmesan cheese its smell. Butyrate feeds the human cells in our gut, and keeps our bowels healthy.
 
In the animation, green bacteria chomp at balls of starch and release colourful fatty acids, which fall on human cells like gentle rain. By showing us a vision of the unseen world inside our gut, this animation says more than words ever could.
 
Australians eat more fibre than Americans, yet our rate of bowel cancer is still among the highest in the world. Research suggests that it is resistant starch we should be eating to prevent bowel cancer. “We have a compelling story founded on decades of research,” says Sean O’Donoghue, CSIRO. “We worked closely with [bowel health researcher] David Topping and other scientists to ensure everything in the animation is based on evidence.”
 
We are often told what we should and shouldn’t eat. It’s easy to tune out, to think ‘whatever.’ Animations like these can save lives, because they don’t just tell us, they show us.
 

More information

Watch The Hungry Microbiome animation and find out which foods contain resistant starch.
See more molecular art by David Goodsell.
If you are over 18 and are in Sydney on Thursday, 29 May, you will have a chance to meet David Goodsell and Chris Hammang, who made The Hungry Microbiome animation, at this event co-organized by CSIRO and VIVID.

 
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David Goodsell's illustration of Mycoplasma mycoides
Mycoplasma mycoides illustration by David S. Goodsell, the Scripps Research Institute.
Image: David S. Goodsell, the Scripps Research Institute
 
 
   
    Quiz questions    
   
  1. What is the chemical name for slaked lime?
  2. What do baby vampire bats drink?
  3. On Venus, which is longer – a Venus year or a Venus day?
  4. What order do moths and butterflies belong to?
  5. What is measured in lumens?
   
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Stocktake Sale prices and the free postage offer are valid until 30 June 2014 and are for direct sales only. Click here for more information.

     
Try this: Sweet bread  
 
 
 
Sarah smiles at a piece of bread

You need a piece of bread.
 

Sarah takes a bite of the bread
Take a bite and chew it for a few minutes.
 
Sarah thinks about the taste of bread

Notice any changes in taste?
 

Sarah takes another bite of bread

Take another bite of bread, chew it quickly and compare the taste!
 

 
 
   
   


You will need

  • A piece of white bread

What to do

  1. Wash your hands.
  2. Tear a bite of bread.
  3. Chew the piece of bread slowly for a few minutes without swallowing any saliva, and notice any changes in taste.
  4. Swallow the bread, and then take another bite of bread, chew it quickly and swallow.
  5. Compare the taste from both bites.
 

What’s happening?

Bread contains starch, a long chain of glucose molecules. Glucose is a simple sugar. After a few minutes of chewing, you might notice the taste of the bread changing, and becoming a bit sickly sweet. This is because of a reaction happening in your mouth.
 
Saliva contains a chemical called amylase. Amylase breaks down starch into sweet simple sugars like maltose, which is two glucose molecules stuck together. Although starch doesn’t taste sweet, glucose and maltose do. As you keep chewing, more starch is broken up into maltose, and it becomes sweeter.
 

Applications

The kind of starch in white bread is easy to digest – so easy, it starts happening in your mouth! The simple sugars can quickly be absorbed into your body, and give you energy.
 
Resistant starch, found in brown rice and wholegrain bread, is not so easy to digest. In fact, it can last through your stomach, through your small intestine and get to your large intestine. That’s good news for the bacteria that live in your gut. They eat the resistant starch and produce short-chain fatty acids which feed human cells in your bowels.
 
Scientists think eating more resistant starch can help prevent bowel cancer, by keeping your bowels healthy.
 

More information

CSIRO’s David Topping talks about resistant starch in your diet. Listen to his interview or read his blog post.
See a diagram of amylase breaking starch into small sugars.


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Read it!

We’ve heard about making pictures of bacteria, but what about using bacteria to make pictures?
 

See it!

Be stunned by award-winning visualisations of HIV.
   
   
 
 
 
Video
Watch it! The Hungry Microbiome: why resistant starch is good for you.
 
 
   
    Quiz answers    
   
  1. The chemical name for slaked lime is calcium hydroxide.
  2. Baby vampire bats drink milk.
  3. A Venus day is longer than a Venus year. It takes 243 Earth days for Venus to rotate on its axis (a day) and 224.7 Earth days for Venus to revolve around the Sun.
  4. Moths and butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera.
  5. Lumens measure how much light is emitted from a source (like a light bulb).
   
  
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